The repair stage includes re-epithelialization, which mainly involves the migration and proliferation of surrounding epithelial cells, followed by regeneration when the epithelial cells form new continuous and functional glandular tissues. Stomach ulcers can occur when the inner wall of the stomach is irritated. p.) infection, which can lead to gastritis, peptic ulcers, and gastric cancers. The main cause of epithelial injury in the human stomach is Helicobacter pylori ( H. They stimulate the microenvironment of the GI epithelium in vitro to produce GSCs or PSCs and epithelial cells derived from them. Such GI organoid culture systems enable the formation of structures resembling gland crypts and microenvironments including defined niche factors, such as matrigel, Wnt, epidermal growth factor (EGF), Noggin, and R-spondin. Organoids derived from long-term gastrointestinal (GI) organotypic cultures include epithelial-tissue-derived organoids, epithelial-tissue-derived mesenchymal organoids, and PSC-derived organoids. Gastric organoids are model cell assemblages derived from gastric stem cells (GSCs) or pluripotent stem cells (PSCs).
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